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Retinal Detachment Nursing Care Plan: 5 Sample Plans, Assessment & Interventions

Angela Slater FNP, RN
By Angela Slater FNP, RN | Updated June 26, 2026 · Editorial Standards
Updated June 26, 2026 Medically Reviewed by: Mackenzie Butler, DNP, MSN, RN-BC
Mackenzie Butler, DNP, MSN, RN-BC
Medically Reviewed by:
Mackenzie Butler, DNP, MSN, RN-BC
Retinal Detachment Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan

A solid retinal detachment nursing care plan has one job that’s easy to lose in the textbook list of symptoms: protect the vision the patient still has. Retinal detachment is a sight-threatening emergency, it’s usually painless, and it can worsen quickly. So your plan isn’t really about the eye drops — it’s about recognizing the warning signs, getting the patient to ophthalmology fast, keeping them safe while they can’t see, preparing them for possible surgery, and teaching the positioning and precautions that decide whether the repair holds. Let’s make this simple.

This guide gives you a complete retinal detachment nursing care plan template — the pathophysiology in plain English, a focused assessment that doubles as your “is-this-an-emergency” screen, the surgical repairs and the positioning rules that go with them, five sample care plans built on current-taxonomy diagnoses (plus a straight answer on the disturbed sensory perception nursing diagnosis everyone still searches), red flags, and the discharge teaching that actually protects the repair.

Scope note. This is an educational study resource for nursing students, not a substitute for your facility’s policies or the provider’s orders. Surgical positioning, activity limits, gas-bubble duration, and eye-drop schedules are always individualized — follow the operating ophthalmologist’s instructions for your specific patient.

Quick answer. Retinal detachment is a sight-threatening eye emergency in which the retina separates from the tissue that supports it. Classic symptoms are a sudden increase in floaters, flashes of light, blurred vision, or a shadow/curtain over the visual field. Nursing priorities: recognize the warning signs, restrict activity as ordered, protect the patient from injury while vision is impaired, arrange urgent ophthalmology evaluation, prepare the patient for possible repair, and teach postoperative positioning, eye-drop use, red flags, and gas-bubble restrictions.1 2

If your patient reports or shows…Current care-plan diagnosis to consider
A shadow/”curtain,” floaters, flashes, or reduced vision (i.e., acute visual impairment)Risk for Injury; Risk for Adult Falls
Unsteady gait, bumping into objects, post-op activity limitsRisk for Adult Falls; Risk for Injury
Fear, tearfulness, “Will I go blind?”Anxiety
“I don’t understand the positioning or the drops”Deficient Knowledge
Can’t manage bathing/dressing because of vision or positioningAn ADL-specific self-care diagnosis

Legacy label still taught for the visual change itself: Disturbed sensory perception (visual) — see the note under Nursing diagnoses.

In this guide


What is retinal detachment?

The retina is the thin layer of light-sensing tissue lining the back of the eye. Retinal detachment happens when the neurosensory retina separates from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) underneath it. Once it lifts, that patch of retina loses its blood and oxygen supply — and the photoreceptors are at risk. That’s why suspected detachment is always urgent.1 3

There are three types, and the type tells you the cause:

  • Rhegmatogenous (most common) — a tear or break in the retina lets liquefied vitreous seep underneath and peel it away. Driven by aging and posterior vitreous detachment, high myopia, prior cataract surgery, trauma, and lattice degeneration.
  • Tractional — scar or fibrovascular tissue on the retinal surface contracts and pulls the retina off. The classic cause is proliferative diabetic retinopathy, so a patient with poorly controlled diabetes is squarely at risk.
  • Exudative (serous) — fluid collects under the retina without any tear, usually from inflammation, a tumor, or severe hypertension.

The distinction that changes urgency: macula-on vs macula-off. If the macula (your central, detail vision) is still attached, surgery is prioritized to preserve reading-level sight. If the macula/fovea has already detached, central vision may not fully recover — but evaluation and repair are still urgent, because outcomes generally worsen as detachment duration increases. Either way, “sudden curtain over my vision” is never a wait-and-see complaint.

Because tractional detachment is so tied to diabetes, this is a natural place to connect the dots with your endocrine care plans — see our diabetes nursing care plan and hyperglycemia nursing care plan for the glycemic-control side of preventing diabetic eye disease.

Signs and symptoms

Here’s the big idea for exams and the bedside: classic (rhegmatogenous) retinal detachment is painless. The patient usually reports a visual change, not a painful one — no redness, no discharge, no eye pain. (Traction and serous detachments can present a little differently depending on the cause, so treat this as the classic teaching picture, not an absolute rule.)1 3

Watch for the classic set:

  • Floaters — a sudden shower of new spots, specks, or “cobwebs.”
  • Photopsia — brief flashes of light, often in the peripheral field.
  • Blurred vision — or a curtain/shadow, a dark area that spreads across the visual field, often described as “a curtain coming down” or “a veil.”

On the NCLEX, the magic phrase in the stem is “like a curtain came down over my eye” with no pain. That combination points to retinal detachment.

Don’t mix these up. Sudden vision loss with a painful, red eye, halos around lights, nausea, and a fixed mid-dilated pupil is acute angle-closure glaucoma, not retinal detachment. A painful red eye can also mean infection, trauma, or a postoperative complication. Painless, gradual clouding of vision is more typical of cataracts.

FeatureRetinal detachmentAcute angle-closure glaucomaCataract
PainNone (classically painless)Severe eye pain, headacheNone
OnsetSuddenSuddenGradual (months–years)
HallmarkFloaters, flashes, “curtain,” blurred visionHalos around lights, red eye, N/VCloudy/blurry vision, glare
PupilUsually normalFixed, mid-dilatedNormal
Emergency?Yes — vision-threateningYes — vision-threateningNo — elective repair

Risk factors and causes

Flag these in your history — they’re the risk factors that show up in question stems and at triage:1 3

  • High myopia (nearsightedness)
  • Aging and posterior vitreous detachment
  • Prior cataract or other intraocular surgery
  • Eye trauma (blunt or penetrating)
  • Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (the tractional driver)
  • Previous retinal detachment in either eye
  • Family history; lattice degeneration
  • Severe hypertension or preeclampsia (exudative type)

Nursing assessment for retinal detachment

Your assessment for a retinal detachment nursing care plan has three jobs: confirm the visual picture, gauge how urgent it is, and capture the safety data your plan will hang on. One rule up front: nursing assessment supports escalation — it does not replace urgent dilated retinal examination by ophthalmology. Don’t delay referral to finish a prolonged bedside workup.2 3

Health history (subjective)

  • Onset and progression of symptoms — “How fast is the curtain spreading?” Rapid progression raises urgency.
  • The classic set — new floaters, flashes, blurred vision, a shadow/curtain. Ask specifically; patients may not volunteer “floaters.”
  • Pain? Painless points toward classic detachment; a painful, red eye redirects you toward glaucoma, infection, or trauma.
  • Risk factors — myopia, recent eye surgery, trauma, diabetes, prior detachment.
  • Functional impact — driving, reading, working, living alone (drives the injury and self-care plans).

Physical assessment (objective)

  • Document baseline visual acuity in each eye separately (Snellen or facility tool), and describe the visual-field complaint in the patient’s own words. Reassess and report any new or worsening change per facility protocol or provider order — don’t hold up referral to run serial bedside tests.
  • Inspect the external eye (usually unremarkable — no redness/discharge, which is itself a clue).
  • Never apply pressure to the globe, and do not attempt to force the eye open if trauma is suspected.

Diagnostic studies

TestWhy it’s ordered
Dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy (by ophthalmology)The definitive exam of the retina and any tears/detachment
Slit-lamp biomicroscopyDetailed exam of the anterior segment and retina
Ocular B-scan ultrasonographyVisualizes the detachment when the view is blocked (e.g., vitreous hemorrhage)
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)Cross-sectional imaging; helps assess macular involvement

Because the definitive exam and repair are ophthalmology’s job, the nurse’s highest-value move is early recognition and rapid escalation — not a prolonged workup at the bedside.

Surgical repair and nursing management

Most rhegmatogenous retinal detachments — and many tractional detachments — need surgical repair. Exudative detachments are usually managed by treating the underlying cause (medical therapy, laser, or other ophthalmology-directed care), not by the repair procedures below.3 So the nursing management of retinal detachment is largely about getting the patient safely to ophthalmology and then protecting whatever repair they choose. Here are the options you’ll see.1 2

ProcedureWhat it does
Laser photocoagulation / cryopexySeals retinal tears or small holes to prevent detachment — and may also be used during repair to secure breaks. Not the standalone treatment for most established detachments.
Pneumatic retinopexyAn air/gas bubble pushes the retina back while laser/cryo seals the break. Requires exact head positioning and gas-bubble precautions.
Scleral buckleA silicone band indents the sclera to support the break and relieve traction.
Pars plana vitrectomyRemoves vitreous traction and reattaches the retina; may use gas, air, or silicone-oil tamponade. Positioning depends on surgeon orders.

Preoperative nursing care

  • Maintain activity restriction and the exact head/bed position ordered by ophthalmology. Don’t apply a generic position to every detachment — positioning depends on the detachment location, macular/foveal status, planned repair, and surgeon preference. The goal of ordered positioning is to help limit progression while awaiting definitive management.
  • Minimize unnecessary head movement, and reduce activities that raise intraocular pressure (IOP) as ordered: no bending at the waist, no straining, no heavy lifting, manage coughing and constipation, avoid Valsalva.
  • Apply an eye patch or shield if ordered and limit eye movement.
  • Administer prescribed eye drops (e.g., cycloplegics/mydriatics) as ordered, and keep the patient NPO per pre-op protocol.
  • Provide calm, concrete explanations — fear of blindness is high here.

Postoperative nursing care

  • Position exactly as the surgeon prescribes. If gas, air, or silicone oil is used, the ordered position tamponades the specific retinal area being treated — so it may be face-down, side-lying, upright, or tilted depending on the repair site. Do not substitute a different position. When positioning is ordered, adherence is one of the most important post-op behaviors for protecting the repair.
  • Maintain the eye shield, especially during sleep, to prevent accidental rubbing.
  • Pain is usually mild. Sudden, severe eye pain is not expected — it can signal raised IOP or infection (endophthalmitis). Treat new severe pain as a red flag and notify the provider.
  • Administer post-op drops (antibiotic, steroid, sometimes cycloplegic) and teach the technique.
  • Reinforce IOP precautions and the gas-bubble rules (below) before discharge.

Gas-bubble safety (high-yield). If air or gas is placed in the eye, the patient must follow the exact head position the surgeon prescribes. Until the surgeon confirms the bubble is gone, they must not fly, travel to high altitude, scuba dive, or receive nitrous oxide (also called laughing gas, gas and air, Entonox, or Equanox). The bubble expands with falling pressure or with nitrous oxide and can raise eye pressure enough to cause pain and permanent vision loss. Gas duration varies by gas type, concentration, and surgeon — patient-facing guidance commonly describes SF6 as lasting roughly 2–3 weeks and C3F8 as lasting about 2 months — but the patient should follow the surgeon’s clearance date, not an average.4 5

If your patient’s vision loss limits their mobility before or after surgery, pair this section with our impaired physical mobility nursing care plan for transfer and ambulation safety.

Nursing diagnoses for retinal detachment (and the NANDA-I currency note)

The problems that map most directly to retinal detachment are the acute visual impairment itself, anxiety, injury/fall risk, knowledge needs, and self-care limits. Before you write them, one honest note that trips up a lot of students.

NANDA-I currency note (read this). Many older textbooks and care plans use the label “Disturbed sensory perception (visual)” for retinal detachment. It’s still widely searched and may still appear in your course materials — but it is not part of the current NANDA-I 2024–2026 (13th edition) taxonomy. If your program requires current NANDA-I terminology, build the plan around current labels such as Risk for Injury, Risk for Adult Falls, Anxiety, Deficient Knowledge, or a current ADL-specific self-care diagnosis that matches the patient’s functional limitation. Always verify labels in the NANDA-I edition your program requires.6

So the move is simple: treat “acute visual impairment” as the clinical problem, build your plan on current-taxonomy diagnoses, and recognize Disturbed sensory perception (visual) as a legacy label you may still be asked to use. The sample plans below lead with current labels; the legacy label appears last, clearly flagged.

Retinal detachment nursing care plan — 5 sample plans

These are five sample plans written in the standard r/t … AEB … format. Four use current-taxonomy diagnoses; the fifth is the legacy Disturbed Sensory Perception label, included because it’s still taught and searched. Use this retinal detachment nursing care plan library as your starting point, then prioritize and re-label to match your patient and your program’s NANDA-I edition.

1. Risk for injury (current)

Nursing diagnosis: Risk for injury r/t acute visual impairment, unfamiliar environment, and post-operative activity and positioning restrictions. (If your focus is gait/ambulation and home hazards, your edition’s falls label — Risk for Adult Falls — may fit better.)

Goals (SMART):

  • Patient remains free from falls and injury during the admission.
  • Patient and family identify two home safety measures before discharge.
AssessmentRationale
Assess gait, balance, and the degree of visual lossQuantifies fall and injury risk
Note which eye is affected and the patient’s functional visionDrives how you orient them and set up the room
Evaluate the home environment and support systemTargets discharge teaching
InterventionRationale
Fall-prevention basics: bed low, call light in reach, clear pathways, non-skid footwearReduces fall risk when vision is unreliable
Orient the patient to the room; approach from the seeing side and announce yourselfPrevents startling and disorientation
Keep the environment consistent — don’t rearrange the roomLets the patient build a reliable mental map
Maintain the eye shield as ordered and prevent rubbing/pressureProtects the eye and any repair
Assist with ambulation until visual field and depth perception are safe; reinforce no driving until clearedPrevents injury during restricted vision
Teach home modifications: remove rugs, improve lighting, mark stepsCarries safety into the home setting

Expected outcomes: No falls or injuries; patient and family verbalize home safety measures.

This diagnosis overlaps heavily with our risk for falls nursing care plan — use it for the full fall-prevention protocol.

2. Anxiety (current)

Nursing diagnosis: Anxiety r/t sudden vision change and fear of permanent vision loss AEB expressed worry, restlessness, and repeated questions about going blind.

Goals:

  • Patient reports anxiety reduced to a manageable level before surgery.
  • Patient uses at least one coping strategy and asks questions about the plan.
AssessmentRationale
Assess anxiety level and usual copingTailors support to the patient
Identify specific fears (blindness, surgery, independence)Targeted reassurance is more effective than general comfort
InterventionRationale
Provide calm, concrete, repeated explanationsInformation reduces fear of the unknown
Stay present; use a steady, unhurried tonePresence is itself anxiolytic when a patient can’t see
Teach simple relaxation/breathing techniquesGives the patient an active coping tool
Avoid false reassurance — explain that the ophthalmologist will clarify macular/foveal involvement, the repair plan, and expected recoveryKeeps promises within scope and prevents over-reassurance about vision
Involve family and set realistic expectations about recoveryReinforces support and reduces catastrophizing

Expected outcomes: Patient demonstrates calmer affect, uses a coping strategy, and engages in the care plan.

For the full diagnosis breakdown, see our anxiety nursing care plan.

3. Deficient knowledge (current)

Nursing diagnosis: Deficient knowledge r/t unfamiliarity with retinal detachment repair, the eye-drop regimen, gas-bubble restrictions, and prescribed positioning AEB questions about the surgery and inability to state the prescribed position and travel restrictions before teaching.

Goals:

  • Patient correctly demonstrates eye-drop instillation and states the prescribed head position before discharge.
  • Patient lists the signs of re-detachment and the gas-bubble travel/anesthesia restrictions.
AssessmentRationale
Assess current understanding and health literacySets the teaching level and format
Assess ability to position and self-administer dropsIdentifies where support or home help is needed
InterventionRationale
Teach the exact prescribed positioning and why the bubble must tamponade the repairPositioning compliance largely determines whether the repair holds
Demonstrate drop technique; confirm with teach-backEnsures the medication actually reaches the eye
Teach IOP precautions (no bending/straining/heavy lifting)Prevents pressure spikes that threaten the repair
Teach the no-flying / no-altitude / no-nitrous-oxide rule while gas is present, and to carry a warning card/alertPrevents catastrophic pressure-driven vision loss and covers emergencies
Provide written, large-print instructionsSupports recall when vision is limited

Expected outcomes (teach-back): Patient demonstrates eye-drop technique, states the exact head position, names the red flags, and states “no flying, high altitude, or nitrous oxide until cleared.”

See our knowledge deficit nursing care plan for the full teaching-focused template.

4. Self-care limitation (bathing/dressing) (verify current label)

Nursing diagnosis: Use the current NANDA-I self-care label that matches the specific limitation (e.g., your edition’s bathing or dressing self-care diagnosis) r/t visual impairment and prescribed activity/positioning restrictions AEB needing assistance with hygiene and daily tasks. (Confirm the exact current label in your required NANDA-I edition.)

Goals:

  • Patient’s hygiene and daily needs are met safely throughout the restricted period.
  • Patient and family arrange adequate home support before discharge.
AssessmentRationale
Assess ability to perform ADLs within the restrictionsIdentifies the specific gaps to support
Assess available help at homeDrives discharge planning
InterventionRationale
Set up hygiene supplies on the seeing side; keep essentials reachable without bendingPreserves independence and protects IOP
Provide large-print or audio instructionsCompensates for limited vision
Use seated bathing if allowed; assist with ADLs while respecting positioning limitsMeets needs without compromising the repair
Arrange caregiver support for drops and positioningSustains safe self-care after discharge

Expected outcomes: Daily needs met safely; a workable home support plan is in place.

For the full diagnosis, see our self-care deficit nursing care plan.

5. Disturbed sensory perception (visual) — legacy label

Legacy label. This is the diagnosis older textbooks lead with for retinal detachment, and the disturbed sensory perception nursing diagnosis is still heavily searched — but it is not in the current NANDA-I 2024–2026 taxonomy (see the currency note above). It’s included here because you may still be asked to use it. If your program requires current terminology, cover the same content under Risk for Injury (Plan #1) and Deficient Knowledge (Plan #3).

Nursing diagnosis (as historically written): Disturbed sensory perception (visual) r/t retinal separation and interrupted visual input AEB patient-reported floaters, light flashes, a “curtain” over the visual field, and reduced visual acuity.

Goals:

  • Patient remains free from injury related to visual impairment throughout the stay.
  • Patient describes the visual changes and the reason for activity/positioning restrictions.
InterventionRationale
Orient the patient to the environment; keep the call light and personal items within reachReduces injury risk and disorientation when vision is impaired
Approach from the unaffected/seeing side and announce yourselfPrevents startling and supports trust
Maintain ordered positioning and limit eye movementSupports the plan of care and protects the repair
Explain every step before you do itCompensates for lost visual cues and lowers anxiety

Expected outcomes: Patient stays injury-free, participates in care, and verbalizes understanding of restrictions. (In a current-taxonomy plan, these map to Risk for Injury and Deficient Knowledge outcomes.)

Escalation red flags

Most repairs do well. Call the provider — don’t wait — for any of these:1 3

Red flagWhy it matters
Sudden, severe eye painSuggests raised IOP or endophthalmitis — not expected post-op
New or expanding “curtain,” floaters, or flashesMay signal re-detachment
Sudden decrease in visionRe-detachment, bleed, or rising IOP
Nausea/vomiting with eye painCan accompany a dangerous IOP spike (especially with a gas bubble)
Purulent discharge, increasing redness, feverPossible infection

What NOT to do. Don’t apply pressure to the eye · don’t patch and send the patient home without evaluation · don’t let the patient drive with acute visual-field loss · don’t delay ophthalmology referral for a prolonged bedside workup · don’t give nitrous oxide to a patient with an intraocular gas bubble · don’t tell a gas-bubble patient they may fly once they “feel better.”

Patient teaching and discharge education

Send every post-op patient home knowing these — and confirm with teach-back, not a nod:

Teaching pointThe “why” for the patient
Keep your head in the exact position your surgeon ordered (face-down, side-lying, upright, or tilted)The bubble/oil has to tamponade the specific repair site to heal it
Wear your eye shield, especially while sleepingPrevents accidental rubbing or pressure
Use your eye drops exactly as prescribedPrevents infection and controls inflammation
No bending at the waist, straining, or heavy liftingThese spike eye pressure and can threaten the repair
Expect blurred vision while the bubble is presentVision can be very limited until the gas absorbs — report sudden worsening, but don’t panic at expected distortion
Do not fly, scuba dive, or travel to altitude until clearedA gas bubble expands with pressure changes and can blind the eye
Tell every provider, dentist, EMS, anesthesia, and ED team you have an eye gas bubble — no nitrous oxide (laughing gas / gas and air / Entonox / Equanox), and carry a written warning card or medical-alert noticeNitrous oxide expands the bubble and can cause permanent vision loss; you may need emergency care while unable to explain the surgery
Come back immediately for severe pain, a new curtain/flashes, or sudden vision lossThese are the signs of re-detachment or a pressure spike
Keep your follow-up appointmentsThe surgeon checks reattachment and bubble resolution

If the patient has diabetes, fold in glycemic-control teaching to reduce future diabetic eye disease — our hyperglycemia nursing care plan covers the blood-sugar side.

Frequently asked questions

Is “disturbed sensory perception” still a NANDA-I nursing diagnosis?

It’s a widely taught label, but it is not part of the current NANDA-I 2024–2026 (13th edition) taxonomy. Many nursing programs and textbooks still use disturbed sensory perception (visual), which is why it appears in most retinal detachment care plans. If your program requires current NANDA-I labels, use current alternatives — Risk for Injury, Risk for Adult Falls, Anxiety, Deficient Knowledge, or an ADL-specific self-care diagnosis — and always confirm labels in your required edition.

What is the priority nursing action for a patient with a detached retina?

Treat it as an emergency: recognize the floaters/flashes/”curtain,” restrict activity, and arrange urgent ophthalmology evaluation. Early recognition and rapid referral protect the retina and the patient’s vision. Reducing activities that raise intraocular pressure and keeping the patient safe from injury come right behind it. Nursing assessment supports escalation — it does not replace an urgent dilated retinal exam by ophthalmology.

Is retinal detachment painful?

Classic (rhegmatogenous) retinal detachment is painless. The patient reports visual changes — floaters, flashes, blurred vision, or a shadow/curtain — not pain. A painful, red eye with halos and nausea points to acute angle-closure glaucoma instead. New severe pain after surgery is a separate red flag and should be reported.

What positioning is used after retinal detachment surgery?

It depends on where the repair is. When a gas bubble (or silicone oil) is placed, the surgeon prescribes a position — face-down, side-lying, upright, or tilted — so the bubble tamponades the specific area treated. Follow the exact position and duration ordered; don’t substitute a different one.

What’s the most important teaching point after a gas-bubble repair?

Two tie for first: maintain the prescribed head position, and do not fly or receive nitrous oxide (laughing gas / Entonox / Equanox) until the surgeon confirms the gas has dissolved. Both protect against a dangerous rise in eye pressure.

Practice question

A nurse is caring for a client who reports a sudden “curtain” coming down over the right eye with new floaters and flashes of light, and denies any eye pain. Which action should the nurse take first?

  • A. Apply a warm compress to the affected eye
  • B. Restrict the client’s activity and arrange urgent ophthalmology evaluation
  • C. Administer an as-needed analgesic
  • D. Patch both eyes and send the client home to rest

Answer: B. The painless set of a “curtain,” floaters, and flashes signals retinal detachment — a vision-threatening emergency. The priority is to limit activity and get urgent ophthalmology evaluation; nursing assessment supports that escalation but does not replace an urgent dilated retinal exam. A warm compress (A) does nothing for a detachment, an analgesic (C) misreads a painless condition, and patching and sending the client home (D) dangerously delays sight-saving care.

Related care plans on this site:

Taxonomy note. Diagnosis labels vary by NANDA-I edition and nursing program. Verify every label in the edition your instructor or facility requires.

Surgical-order note. Positioning, activity limits, gas-bubble duration, and eye-drop schedules are individualized. Follow the operating ophthalmologist’s orders and your facility’s policy.

You’ve got the full retinal detachment nursing care plan template now — the painless warning signs, the surgical repairs and the positioning rules that protect them, five sample diagnoses, and the discharge teaching that protects the repair. Lock in the pattern once and you’ll move through any sensory or post-op eye care plan with a lot more confidence. You’ve got this.


References

  1. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Detached and Torn Retina: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment. Accessed 2026-06-30. aao.org
  2. National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health. Retinal Detachment. Accessed 2026-06-30. nei.nih.gov
  3. Merck Manual, Professional Version. Retinal Detachment. Accessed 2026-06-30. merckmanuals.com
  4. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Can I Fly With This Eye? (intraocular gas, air travel, and pressure changes). Accessed 2026-06-30. aao.org
  5. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists / British and Eire Association of Vitreoretinal Surgeons (BEAVRS). Intraocular gas tamponade — patient safety guidance (flying, high altitude, nitrous oxide / Entonox / Equanox, warning card). Accessed 2026-06-30. rcophth.ac.uk
  6. Herdman TH, Kamitsuru S, Lopes CT, eds. NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification, 2024–2026. 13th ed. Thieme; 2024.
  7. Hinkle JL, Cheever KH, Overbaugh KJ. Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. 15th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2022.
  8. Ignatavicius DD, Workman ML, Rebar CR, Heimgartner NM. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2024.

Angela Slater FNP, RN
Written by:
Medical Expert

Education: Master of Science in Nursing, Thomas Jefferson University, Specialization: Family Nurse Practitioner

Angela Slater has 15 years experience as a Registered Nurse, with 9 years as a Nurse Practitioner, 4 years as a Clinical Educator, and 2 years with Simple Nursing as a Subject Matter Expert.

Mackenzie Butler, DNP, MSN, RN-BC
Medically reviewed on June 26, 2026 by:
Head of Nursing

Education: Doctor of Nursing Practice, Indiana State University Master's of Science in Nursing Management & Leadership, Western Governors University

Mackenzie has spent over a decade leading high-impact nursing programs.

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