Nursing Diagnosis Guide for 2026: Examples, NANDA List, Types & PES Format

Let’s make this simple. A nursing diagnosis is one of the most-assigned (and most-confusing) parts of nursing school — but once you see the pattern, it stops being intimidating and starts feeling like a checklist.

This guide gives you what nurses and students actually search for in one place: a clean nursing diagnosis definition, a quick-reference examples table, the PES format step-by-step, the 4 NANDA-I types, the common 2024–2026 labels (including what changed in the 13th edition), six worked examples in PES format, the difference between a nursing and medical diagnosis, and an FAQ that answers the questions students ask most.

What is a nursing diagnosis? A nursing diagnosis is a nurse’s clinical judgment about an individual, family, or community’s response to an actual or potential health condition or life process. It’s written in PES format: Problem (the NANDA-I label) related to Etiology (the related factors) as evidenced by Symptoms (the defining characteristics). NANDA International recognizes four types: problem-focused, risk, health promotion, and syndrome.^[1]

About this guide. This is a student-facing educational guide that uses NANDA-I–aligned examples. It is not a substitute for the licensed NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification, 2024–2026 (13th edition). Label wording, defining characteristics, related factors, risk factors, and associated conditions changed in the 13th edition — always confirm the exact label required by your school or facility against the licensed text.

Nursing diagnosis examples at a glance

Need an example right away? Here are six common nursing diagnoses students see in clinicals, written in proper PES format and labeled with their NANDA-I type. Full breakdowns are in the worked examples section below.

Heads up on labels. The 13th edition of NANDA-I (2024–2026) revised the wording of several common labels — what you may know as Deficient knowledge, Anxiety, and Risk for falls are now written as Inadequate health knowledge, Excessive anxiety, and Risk for adult falls (or Risk for child falls). The full old-label → current-label mapping is in NANDA-I 2024–2026: what changed.

What is a nursing diagnosis?

A nursing diagnosis names how an individual, family, or community is responding to a health condition or life process — not the disease itself. The disease is the medical diagnosis. The response (pain, excessive anxiety, impaired mobility, an inadequate-knowledge gap, skin breakdown, fall risk, infection risk) is what nurses identify, treat, and reassess.

That distinction matters. The physician treats the pneumonia. The nurse treats the patient’s response to pneumonia — the ineffective airway clearance, the decreased activity tolerance, the excessive anxiety, the inadequate health knowledge about discharge meds. Both are needed for the patient to actually get better.

NANDA International (NANDA-I) maintains the official standardized taxonomy of nursing diagnoses used across the US, Canada, Europe, and much of the world. The 2024–2026 edition (13th edition) is the current reference; for exact labels, definitions, defining characteristics, related factors, risk factors, and associated conditions, always confirm against the licensed text.^[1]

Purpose of a nursing diagnosis

A solid nursing diagnosis does three things at once:

• Identifies what the patient needs from nursing care. Without naming the human response, you can’t plan an intervention.
• Drives early detection and intervention. Risk diagnoses, in particular, prompt the nurse to act before harm occurs — fall prevention, infection prevention, skin breakdown prevention.
• Guides the nursing care plan. Every goal, intervention, and evaluation in a care plan traces back to the diagnosis. Get the diagnosis right and the rest of the plan flows.

Where the nursing diagnosis fits in the nursing process

The nursing diagnosis is Step 2 of the nursing process (ADPIE) — sandwiched between assessment and planning:

1. Assessment — collect subjective and objective data
2. Diagnosis — (this step) identify the patient’s response
3. Planning — set goals and choose interventions
4. Implementation — carry out the plan
5. Evaluation — did the patient meet the goal?

For a deeper walkthrough of the full process, see our ADPIE deep dive.

The anatomy of a nursing diagnosis statement (PES format)

Every problem-focused nursing diagnosis follows the same structure — three parts joined by two standard phrases. The shorthand is PES:

[Problem] related to [Etiology] as evidenced by [Symptoms]

• P — Problem. The NANDA-I diagnostic label. Names the human response (not the disease).
• E — Etiology. The related/contributing factors. What’s driving the problem. Joined to the problem with “related to” (often shortened to R/T).
• S — Symptoms. The defining characteristics — the signs and symptoms you actually observed or the patient reported. Joined to the etiology with “as evidenced by” (often shortened to AEB).

Annotated example

Acute pain (Problem) related to surgical incision (Etiology) secondary to appendectomy (underlying medical diagnosis) as evidenced by self-report of pain 8/10, grimacing, and guarding behavior (Symptoms).

What “secondary to” means

The optional “secondary to” clarifier attaches the underlying medical diagnosis to the etiology. Use it when the medical condition adds important context for the nurse. “Secondary to appendectomy” tells the next nurse exactly which incision and why pain is expected.

Related factors vs associated conditions (a NANDA-I teaching point)

In formal NANDA-I language, the “related to” portion should ideally name related factors — things nursing interventions can directly address (mobility, knowledge, coping strategies, positioning, hydration habits). Medical diagnoses, surgical procedures, devices, and medications are typically classified as associated conditions — context that nurses don’t independently modify.

For most student care plans, instructors accept “related to surgical incision” or “related to chemotherapy” as workable shorthand. Just know the distinction: NANDA-I prefers nursing-modifiable causes in the etiology, with the medical context attached via “secondary to” or as an associated condition.

Important: risk diagnoses don’t use “as evidenced by”

This is the most common student mistake on PES statements. A risk diagnosis says the problem hasn’t happened yet — the patient is vulnerable. There are no symptoms to evidence, because there’s no problem to evidence. Risk diagnoses use risk factors instead of AEB:

Risk for infection related to surgical incision and immunocompromised state.

No “as evidenced by.” Just risk factors. Lock that in.^[1][2]

The 4 types of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses

NANDA-I classifies nursing diagnoses into four types. The anatomy of the statement changes depending on the type.^[1]

The takeaway: the type tells you what the statement should look like. If you can recognize the type first, the PES anatomy falls into place.

NANDA-I 2024–2026: what changed in the 13th edition

NANDA-I’s 13th edition (Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification, 2024–2026) contains 277 nursing diagnoses, including 56 new diagnoses and 123 revised diagnoses, along with revised labels, revised diagnostic indicators, and several retired diagnoses.^[1][3]

If you learned nursing diagnosis from an older textbook or NCLEX prep book, two things are worth knowing:

1. Some familiar labels were renamed. The wording changed — the concept did not. Activity intolerance is now Decreased activity tolerance. Deficient knowledge is now Inadequate health knowledge. Anxiety is now Excessive anxiety. Risk for falls split into Risk for adult falls and Risk for child falls.
2. A smaller number of older labels were truly retired — meaning the human-response concept was absorbed into a different (often broader) current diagnosis, with no direct one-to-one replacement.

Both groups matter for students, instructors, and NCLEX prep — many older textbooks and care-plan banks still use the older wording.

Older label → current 2024–2026 label

Use this table whenever an older study source or assignment template uses a label that doesn’t match the current taxonomy. (Always verify the exact current label in the licensed NANDA-I text.)

True retirements (concept absorbed into a different diagnosis)

Heads up. Don’t say “decreased cardiac output is gone” — the risk version of that diagnosis is still on the list. The actual diagnosis was the part removed.

Notable new and revised diagnoses

• Impaired intestinal elimination (00344) — the broader current diagnosis that now captures constipation- and diarrhea-pattern responses
• Ineffective sleep pattern (00337) — refreshed sleep-related diagnosis

For the official complete taxonomy with exact wording, definitions, defining characteristics, related factors, risk factors, and associated conditions, see NANDA International and the licensed NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses 2024–2026 (13th edition).^[1][3]

How to write a nursing diagnosis (step by step)

A clean PES statement comes from a clean process. Use this checklist:

1. Assess. Collect subjective data (what the patient reports) and objective data (vitals, exam findings, labs).
2. Cluster the cues. What pattern do the data points form? Pain? Anxiety? Skin breakdown? Knowledge gap?
3. Identify the problem. Match the human response to a NANDA-I-approved label. This is your P.
4. Identify the etiology. What’s driving the problem — the cause or contributing factors? This is your R/T.
5. Collect the defining characteristics. What signs and symptoms support the label? This is your AEB. (For a risk diagnosis, list the risk factors instead.)
6. Confirm against the NANDA-I label. Does the data actually meet the defining characteristics for this diagnosis?
7. Write the full statement. Problem · related to · Etiology · as evidenced by · Symptoms.

Worked walkthrough

A post-op patient one day after appendectomy reports sharp abdominal pain at the incision site, rates it 8/10, is guarding the area, and grimaces with movement.

1. Assess → 8/10 pain, surgical incision, guarding, grimacing.
2. Cluster → acute pain pattern, clearly tied to the surgical site.
3. Problem → Acute pain.
4. Etiology → surgical incision (and optionally secondary to appendectomy).
5. Defining characteristics → 8/10 self-report, guarding, grimacing.
6. Confirm → yes — these meet the NANDA-I defining characteristics for acute pain.
7. Statement → Acute pain related to surgical incision (secondary to appendectomy) as evidenced by self-report of pain 8/10, grimacing, and guarding behavior.

Six tips that save time

• Lead with the response, not the disease. “Pneumonia” is medical. “Ineffective airway clearance” is nursing.
• Be specific in the etiology. “Related to surgical incision” beats “related to surgery.”
• Use the patient’s own words in the AEB when possible — quote them.
• Don’t mix problem-focused and risk anatomy. AEB is for actual problems; risk factors are for risk diagnoses.
• Stick to NANDA-I-approved labels unless your facility tells you otherwise.
• Reassess. A diagnosis isn’t static — when the patient changes, the diagnosis may need to change too.

Common NANDA-I 2024–2026 labels by domain

NANDA-I organizes its taxonomy into 13 domains. The list below shows common labels students encounter per domain — not a complete or official taxonomy. Where the 13th edition renamed a label, both the older name and the current name appear so you can match either against an assignment or study source. Always verify the exact current label, definition, and diagnostic indicators in the licensed NANDA-I text.^[1][2]

1. Health promotion

• Readiness for enhanced nutritional intake (formerly “Readiness for enhanced nutrition”)
• Readiness for enhanced self-care
• Readiness for enhanced health literacy
• Excessive sedentary behaviors (formerly “Sedentary lifestyle”)

2. Nutrition

• Inadequate nutritional intake (formerly “Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements”)
• Impaired swallowing
• Risk for unstable blood glucose level
• Ineffective overweight self-management

3. Elimination and exchange

• Impaired intestinal elimination (00344) — current diagnosis encompassing what older texts call constipation and diarrhea
• Impaired urinary elimination
• Urinary retention
• Functional urinary incontinence
• Impaired gas exchange

4. Activity / rest

• Insomnia
• Ineffective sleep pattern (00337)
• Excessive fatigue burden
• Impaired physical mobility
• Impaired transfer ability
• Decreased activity tolerance (formerly “Activity intolerance”)
• Risk for decreased activity tolerance

5. Perception / cognition

• Acute confusion
• Chronic confusion
• Impaired memory
• Inadequate health knowledge (formerly “Deficient knowledge”)
• Readiness for enhanced health knowledge
• Impaired verbal communication

6. Self-perception

• Disrupted body image (formerly “Disturbed body image”)
• Hopelessness
• Powerlessness
• Chronic inadequate self-esteem (formerly “Chronic low self-esteem”)
• Risk for compromised human dignity

7. Role relationships

• Caregiver role strain
• Impaired parenting
• Risk for impaired attachment
• Interrupted family processes
• Ineffective role performance

8. Sexuality

• Impaired sexual function (formerly “Sexual dysfunction”)
• Ineffective sexuality pattern
• Risk for disturbed maternal-fetal dyad

9. Coping / stress tolerance

• Excessive anxiety (formerly “Anxiety”)
• Excessive death anxiety (formerly “Death anxiety”)
• Excessive fear (formerly “Fear”)
• Grieving
• Complicated grieving
• Post-trauma syndrome
• Stress overload
• Impaired resilience

10. Life principles

• Decisional conflict
• Moral distress
• Impaired spiritual well-being (formerly “Spiritual distress”)
• Readiness for enhanced spiritual well-being

11. Safety / protection

• Risk for infection
• Risk for adult falls and Risk for child falls (formerly the single “Risk for falls”)
• Risk for impaired skin integrity
• Impaired skin integrity
• Risk for injury
• Risk for aspiration
• Risk for bleeding
• Impaired tissue integrity

12. Comfort

• Acute pain
• Chronic pain
• Chronic pain syndrome
• Nausea
• Impaired comfort
• Inadequate social connectedness (formerly “Social isolation”)
• Excessive loneliness

13. Growth / development

• Delayed child development
• Risk for delayed child development

For the official complete taxonomy with exact wording, definitions, defining characteristics, related factors, risk factors, and associated conditions, refer to NANDA International and the licensed NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses 2024–2026 (13th edition).^[1][3]

Worked nursing diagnosis examples

Six common nursing diagnoses, each with a clean PES statement, the NANDA-I type, when to use it, and a link to the corresponding care plan where available.

1. Acute pain (problem-focused)

Acute pain related to surgical incision as evidenced by self-report of pain 8/10, grimacing, and guarding behavior.

• Type: Problem-focused.
• When to use: Surgery, trauma, acute injury — onset less than 3 months. If pain is ongoing past 3 months, use chronic pain instead.
• See: acute pain care plan.

2. Impaired skin integrity (problem-focused)

Impaired skin integrity related to prolonged pressure over bony prominences as evidenced by stage 2 sacral pressure injury measuring 2 cm × 1.5 cm.

• Type: Problem-focused.
• When to use: Actual skin breakdown — pressure injury, dehisced surgical wound, friction injury, IV infiltrate. Use risk for impaired skin integrity if skin is intact but vulnerable.

3. Risk for infection (risk)

Risk for infection related to surgical incision and immunocompromised state.

• Type: Risk — no AEB.
• When to use: Patient is vulnerable to infection but no infection is currently present (open wound, invasive device, immunocompromise, broken skin).
• Common student mistake: Adding “as evidenced by.” Risk diagnoses use risk factors, not AEB.
• See: infection care plan.

4. Inadequate health knowledge (problem-focused) — formerly “Deficient knowledge”

Inadequate health knowledge related to limited prior exposure to diabetes self-management information as evidenced by patient’s questions about insulin administration and stated unfamiliarity with carbohydrate counting.

• Type: Problem-focused.
• When to use: Any time the patient needs targeted teaching to safely manage their condition — new diagnosis, new medication, new device, post-op discharge.
• High-yield: Name the topic of the knowledge gap in parentheses (“diabetes self-management,” “post-op wound care”) so the teaching plan is focused.
• Older label note: Many older textbooks, NCLEX banks, and instructors still use Deficient knowledge. The 13th edition uses Inadequate health knowledge. Both refer to the same concept — verify which label your program requires.

5. Excessive anxiety (problem-focused) — formerly “Anxiety”

Excessive anxiety related to anticipated surgical procedure as evidenced by patient report of “I can’t stop worrying,” restlessness, and HR 108.

• Type: Problem-focused.
• When to use: Patient is anxious about something specific or vague — pre-op, post-diagnosis, ICU environment.
• Don’t confuse with: Excessive fear, which usually has a clearer, more identifiable source. Excessive anxiety often has a vaguer or more diffuse trigger. (Verify exact diagnostic indicators in the licensed NANDA-I text.)
• Older label note: The 13th edition uses Excessive anxiety, Excessive death anxiety, and Excessive fear. Many older sources still use the shorter labels.
• See: anxiety care plan.

6. Risk for adult falls (risk) — formerly “Risk for falls”

Risk for adult falls related to history of falls, gait instability, and use of high-fall-risk medications (antihypertensives, opioids).

• Type: Risk — no AEB.
• When to use: Adult patient screens positive on a Morse Fall Scale or your facility’s fall-risk tool, or has identifiable risk factors (age, sensory changes, polypharmacy, recent surgery, orthostasis).
• Pediatric: The 13th edition splits this diagnosis — use Risk for child falls for pediatric patients with developmentally appropriate risk factors.
• See: risk for falls care plan.

For interventions tied to each diagnosis, see what are nursing interventions and grab the nursing care plan template for assignments.

Nursing diagnosis vs medical diagnosis

This is the highest-yield distinction in this whole guide. Mix them up on a care plan and you’ll lose points every time.

Both diagnoses can — and should — exist side by side for the same patient. They answer different questions. The medical diagnosis answers what’s wrong with the body. The nursing diagnosis answers what does the patient need from nursing care.^[1][4]

Can nurses diagnose?

Yes — but with an important distinction. Registered nurses make nursing diagnoses as part of the nursing process. A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment about an individual’s, family’s, or community’s response to a health condition or life process — well within RN scope. The American Nurses Association identifies diagnosis as a standard of the nursing process, meaning making a nursing diagnosis is part of professional nursing practice, not just a permission.^[4]

What nurses do not make is a medical diagnosis (the name of the disease, like pneumonia or type 2 diabetes). Diagnosing disease, ordering medications, and prescribing treatments are the work of authorized diagnosing providers — physicians, APRNs/NPs, PAs, and others with prescriptive authority — and scope details vary by state, country, and facility policy.

So the short version: nurses diagnose how a patient is responding. Authorized providers diagnose what disease the patient has. Both belong on the chart and sit side by side.

When in doubt about scope language for an assignment, check your state board of nursing, your school’s preferred reference, or your facility policy.

Sample nursing care plan including a nursing diagnosis

A nursing diagnosis on its own isn’t a care plan — it’s the entry point. A full care plan adds goals, interventions, and evaluation. Here’s a short example built around an acute pain diagnosis:

Nursing diagnosis: Acute pain related to surgical incision as evidenced by self-report of pain 8/10, grimacing, and guarding behavior.

Goal / outcome: Patient will report pain at 3/10 or less within 60 minutes of intervention and demonstrate non-pharmacologic comfort techniques by end of shift.

Interventions:

• Assess pain (location, quality, intensity, aggravating factors) every 2 hours and PRN.
• Administer prescribed analgesic; reassess pain 30 minutes after IV doses and 60 minutes after PO doses.
• Reposition for comfort; provide non-pharmacologic measures (cool pack, calm environment, distraction).
• Teach splinting technique for incision when coughing or moving.

Evaluation: At end of shift, patient reports pain 2/10, demonstrates splinting, and ambulated 30 ft without grimacing.

Document the diagnosis, plan, and your reassessment findings clearly — see how to write nursing notes if you need a documentation refresher. For a deeper walkthrough and downloadable assets, see our nursing care plans guide and the nursing care plan template.

Interventions based on common nursing diagnoses

A few high-frequency diagnoses and the interventions students should know.

Risk for infection (e.g., surgical site infection)

• Perform hand hygiene before and after every patient contact.
• Use aseptic technique for dressing changes, IV care, and invasive procedures.
• Monitor incision site for redness, warmth, swelling, drainage, or increased pain.
• Trend temperature and WBC; notify provider for early infection signs.
• Teach patient and family signs of infection to report after discharge.

Impaired physical mobility

• Assess mobility status and current activity tolerance each shift.
• Reposition every 2 hours to reduce prolonged pressure on bony prominences.
• Provide range-of-motion exercises (active or passive).
• Encourage early progressive ambulation with assistive devices and gait belt as needed.
• Coordinate with PT/OT for mobility goals.

Inadequate fluid volume / Risk for inadequate fluid volume (formerly “Deficient fluid volume” / “Risk for deficient fluid volume”)

• Monitor intake and output strictly; trend daily weights at the same time on the same scale.
• Assess for early signs of volume changes — skin turgor, mucous membranes, orthostatic vitals, urine output, mental status.
• Encourage oral fluids per orders; administer IV fluids per provider order.
• Watch for over-correction (crackles, peripheral edema, JVD).
• Choose the right label: Inadequate fluid volume fits when there’s an actual deficit (documented losses, lab/exam findings). Risk for inadequate fluid volume fits when risk factors are present without a current deficit. Verify the current label and indicators in the licensed NANDA-I text.

Excessive anxiety (formerly “Anxiety”)

• Use a calm presence; introduce yourself and explain procedures before they happen.
• Use therapeutic communication — open-ended questions, active listening, validation.
• Teach simple grounding techniques (paced breathing, 5-4-3-2-1 sensory check).
• Provide reliable, accurate information — anxiety often spikes when information is missing.
• Involve family and social support per the patient’s preferences.

Want more practice? Try our NCLEX-style practice questions.

Frequently asked questions

What is a nursing diagnosis in simple terms?

A nursing diagnosis is the clinical judgment a nurse makes about how an individual, family, or community is responding to a health condition or life process. It names the human response (pain, excessive anxiety, impaired mobility, inadequate health knowledge, infection risk) so the nurse can plan and deliver care.^[1]

What’s the difference between a nursing diagnosis and a medical diagnosis?

A medical diagnosis names the disease (e.g., pneumonia) and is made by an authorized diagnosing provider — physician, APRN/NP, PA, or other provider with prescriptive authority per jurisdiction. A nursing diagnosis names the patient’s response to that disease or life process (e.g., ineffective airway clearance) and is made by a registered nurse. Both belong on the chart — they answer different questions.

Can nurses diagnose patients?

Yes — nurses make nursing diagnoses as part of the nursing process (clinical judgments about an individual, family, or community’s response). Nurses do not make medical diagnoses; diagnosing disease and prescribing treatment sit with authorized providers, and the exact scope language varies by state, country, and facility.^[4]

What does “related to” mean in a nursing diagnosis?

“Related to” (R/T) names the etiology — the cause or contributing factors of the problem. It’s the bridge between the NANDA-I label and the reason the patient has it: Acute pain related to surgical incision.

What does “as evidenced by” mean?

“As evidenced by” (AEB) names the defining characteristics — the signs, symptoms, and observations that prove the problem is present. Use AEB only for problem-focused diagnoses; risk diagnoses don’t have symptoms yet, so they don’t use AEB.

What does “secondary to” mean in a nursing diagnosis?

“Secondary to” is an optional clarifier that names the underlying medical diagnosis driving the etiology — for example, Acute pain related to surgical incision secondary to appendectomy. It adds clinical context but isn’t required.

Do risk nursing diagnoses use “as evidenced by”?

No. Risk diagnoses describe a problem that hasn’t happened yet, so there are no symptoms to evidence. They use risk factors instead — for example, Risk for infection related to surgical incision and immunocompromised state. This is one of the most common student mistakes.

How do you write a risk nursing diagnosis?

Write a risk nursing diagnosis as [Risk for Problem] related to [risk factors] — no “as evidenced by.” Identify the patient’s risk factors from your assessment and the NANDA-I-approved risk diagnosis label, then list the relevant risk factors after “related to.”

What are the 4 types of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses?

NANDA-I recognizes four types: problem-focused (a current undesirable response, full PES), risk (vulnerability to a future problem, no AEB), health promotion (motivation to increase well-being), and syndrome (a cluster of diagnoses that occur together).^[1]

What changed in NANDA-I 2024–2026?

The 13th edition contains 277 nursing diagnoses, including 56 new diagnoses and 123 revisions, plus revised labels, revised diagnostic indicators, and several retired diagnoses. Notable renames include Deficient knowledge → Inadequate health knowledge, Anxiety → Excessive anxiety, Activity intolerance → Decreased activity tolerance, Risk for falls → Risk for adult falls / Risk for child falls, and Frail elderly syndrome → Elder frailty syndrome (00353). Constipation and diarrhea are now reflected within Impaired intestinal elimination (00344). Always confirm against the licensed text for assignments.^[1][3]

Keep building confidence with SimpleNursing

Once you can spot Problem → Etiology → Symptoms in a chart, nursing diagnoses stop feeling like a guessing game and start feeling like a checklist. Pair this guide with our nursing care plans library, the nursing process (ADPIE) breakdown, and a few rounds of NCLEX-style practice questions — and the diagnosis step on every assignment gets faster, cleaner, and more confident.

Just getting started? Browse our full library of nursing school resources for study guides across every course.

Try SimpleNursing free for video lessons, memory tools, and full NCLEX prep designed for the way nursing students actually study.

Related resources

• Nursing Interventions
• Nursing Care Plan Template
• Nursing Process
• ADPIE
• Nursing Care Plans library

References

1. NANDA International. NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification, 2024–2026. 13th edition. Herdman TH, Kamitsuru S, Lopes CT, eds. Thieme / NANDA International. https://nanda.org/
2. Ackley BJ, Ladwig GB, Makic MBF, Martinez-Kratz MR, Zanotti M. Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care. Most recent edition. Elsevier.
3. Herdman TH, Kamitsuru S, Lopes CT (eds.). NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification 2024–2026 (13th edition) — publisher metadata for total-count, new, and revised diagnoses (Thieme / Google Books).
4. American Nurses Association. Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice — current edition; ANA also publishes the nursing process on the web. https://www.nursingworld.org/
5. NCBI Bookshelf. Nursing Fundamentals — Appendix A: Sample NANDA-I Diagnoses. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK591814/ (Note: open educational resources may list older NANDA-I labels — verify against the 13th edition.)